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Kula Kalvi Thittam : ウィキペディア英語版 | Hereditary education policy
The Modified Scheme of Elementary Education or New Scheme of Elementary Education or Madras Scheme of Elementary Education dubbed by its critics as Kula Kalvi Thittam (Hereditary Education Policy) ((タミル語:குலக் கல்வித் திட்டம்)), was an abortive attempt at education reform introduced by the Indian National Congress Government of the Madras State, led by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) in 1953. The scheme proposed the introduction of two shifts or sessions in elementary schools. In one session regular teaching would be done and during the second session, the students would be sent home to learn the occupations of their parents. It became controversial and was accused of being a casteist scheme to perpetuate the caste hierarchy as Hindu Professions were caste based. The opposition to the scheme was led by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Public opposition and internal dissent within the congress led to the deferment of the scheme. The discontent it triggered among the Congress legislature members forced the resignation of Rajaji as Chief Minister. The scheme was dropped completely by Rajaji's successor Kamaraj in 1954. ==Background== According to the 1951 Census of India, the literacy rate in the Madras State was 20.86%.〔Yazali, P.172〕 During fiscal year 1950-51, the Madras State Government spent 6.87 crore Rupees (6,870,000) - about 11.5% of total revenues for the state - for Elementary education. The enrollment rate for children of school-going age was around 47.8%.〔(Appendix Q : Modified Scheme of Elementary Education, Madras )〕 The Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution require the Indian state to provide education to all citizens. In accordance to this directive, in 1950 the Madras State's Directorate of Public Instruction prepared a ten-year plan to provide education to all children of school-going age. This plan called for an allocation of one crore Rs (1,00,00,000) per year for enrolling 500,000 additional students for the next ten years. Against this, the actual allocation in 1950-51 was only Rs. 500,000. The cost of educating a student was estimated to be around Rs.22.80 per year, out of which the government's contribution was only Rs.16.30.〔 Out of the 12,22,775 students who had enrolled in standard I in 1946-47, only 4,61,686 (37%) had reached the Standard V in 1950-51. It was against this background, the Congress party with Rajaji as chief minister took power on 10 April 1952. The opposition to the scheme was largely based on the social background.Hindu professions are based on Varna or Caste with the Brahmins the highest in the order and studied while Kshatriya ,Vaishya traders ,and shudra(Dalits) was considered untouchables and did manual work and denied education .When the Justice Party came to power in 1920 Brahmins disproportionately occupied over 70% of the high level posts in government ,judiciary and in education.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Superiority in Numbers )〕Justice Party introduced reservation and this gradually reversed this trend and allowing non-brahmins to raise in the government and education in Madras Presidency. The first generation of Dalits,Scheduled Castes and Tribes and Backward Classes also started getting educated and their children had just begun to attend school after centuries of denial of educational opportunities under the rigid Hindu caste system.As per this policy schools will work in the morning and students had to compulsorily learn the family vocation in the afternoon.This was seen as a ploy to ensure the domination and monoploy of Brahmins.The ulterior motive behind the scheme is that the children of non-brahmins should undertake only the manual jobs of their ancestors such as washerman, barber, scavenger, cobbler etc.and they should not aspire for any higher education or for any white collar employement, which only Brahmins can claim as their exclusive privilege.They should follow there parents professions and remain in there low status and lowly paid professions and would maintain caste hegemony.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Education Policy )〕
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